ࡱ> ~  bjbj xu%8 8 {{4$(&&&$,|=&$ &&&={{R999&{9&99b$5J۟`"8dh0ir8۟۟(&&9&&&&&==9&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8 A: SECURE DATA TRANSFER USING FREQUENCY HOPPING TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO TITTLE ABSTRACT LIST OF TABLE LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SPREAD SPECTRUM MODULATION 1.1.1 WHAT SPREAD SPECTRUM DOES? 1.1.2 WHY SPREAD SPRECTRUM 1.1.3 SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUE 1.1.3.1 THE CONCEPT 1.1.3.2 TYPES 1.1.3.3 APPLICATIONS 1.2 frequency hopping types of frequency hopping techniques advantages 2. OBJECTIVE transmitter 2.1.1 pseudo noise sequence pseudo noise generation block diagram 2.2 receiver block diagram 2.3 algorithm transmitter end Receiver end 3. simulation code transmitter code receiver code real time spread spectrum code 4. demo configuration ABSTRACT The objective of the project is to transmit the data over a wide band for secrecy. It includes a transmitter and receiver modules. In this project we had generated the PN sequence, which as the carrier, spreads the data over this band. The encrypted data is transmitted using QFSK modulation. In QFSK the corresponding frequencies being assigned by comparing the encrypted message with PN sequence. In receiver section, using FFT algorithm we transform the time domain signal to frequency domain. The transmitted frequencies are extracted from the FFT. This components have much information about the transmitted data and it is reconstructed by EX-Oring it with the same PN sequence, which is used in transmitter. HARDWARE PROFILE Accessories Serial port cable - 1 Power chord Shorting links Minimum PC configuration required PC 80486 and above FDD-1.44MB Windows 98 or above Serial ports 2 9 Pin shorting connector 16 MB RAM Color monitor HDD-2GB and above Borland C PROCESSOR SPECIFICATION PROCESSOR TMS320CV5416 16 BIT FIXED POINT ( core voltage 1.5v ) MEMORY INTERNAL 128K WORDS 16 BITS EXTERNAL 1M EXTENDED CLOCK CRYSTAL 24 MHz OSCILLATOR CODEC TLC 320AD77C 16 BIT WITH PROGRAMMABLE SAMPLING RATE FLASH MEMORY SST 39VF010 1MB 3.3V POWER SUPPLY SMPS +/- 5V DC,500 MA FUNCTION XR 8038A UPTO 200KHz GENERATOR 1. 1 INTRODUCTION TO SPREAD SPECTRUM MODULATION One way to look at spread spectrum is that it trades a wider signal bandwidth for better signal to noise ratio. Frequency hops and direct sequence are well-known techniques today. Spread spectrum is a means of transmission in which the data of interest occupies a bandwidth in excess of the minimum bandwidth necessary to send the data. The modulated output signals occupy a much greater bandwidth than the signals base band information bandwidth. To qualify as a spread spectrum signal, two criteria should be met: The transmitted signal bandwidth is much greater than the information bandwidth. Some function other than the information being transmitted is employed to determine the resultant transmitted bandwidth The most practical, all digital version of SS is direct sequence. A direct sequence system uses a locally generated pseudo noise code to encode digital data to be transmitted. The local code runs at much higher rate than the data rate. Data for transmission is simply logically modulo-2 added (an EXOR operation) with the faster pseudo noise code. The composite pseudo noise and data can be passed through a data scrambler to randomize the output spectrum (and thereby remove discrete spectral lines). A direct sequence modulator is then used to double sideband suppressed carrier modulate the carrier frequency to be transmitted. The resultant DSB suppressed carrier AM modulation can also be thought of as binary phase shift keying (BPSK). Carrier modulation other than BPSK is possible with direct sequence. However, binary phase shift keying is the simplest and most often used SS modulation technique. An SS receiver uses a locally generated replica pseudo noise code and a receiver correlate to separate only the desired coded information from all possible signals. A SS correlator can be thought of as a very special matched filterit responds only to signals that are encoded with a pseudo noise code that matches its own code. Thus, an SS correlator can be tuned to different codes simply by changing its local code. This correlator does not respond to man made, natural or artificial noise or interference. It responds only to SS signals with identical matched signal characteristics and encoded with the identical pseudo noise code. 1.1.1 What Spread Spectrum Does? The use of these special pseudo noise codes in spread spectrum (SS) communications makes signals appear wide band and noise-like. It is this very characteristic that makes SS signals possess the quality of Low Probability of Intercept. SS signals are hard to detect on narrow band equipment because the signals energy is spread over a bandwidth of maybe 100 times the information bandwidth. A spread spectrum system is one in which the transmitted signal is spread over a wide frequency band, much wider, in fact, than the minimum bandwidth required to transmit the information being sent. Spread spectrum communications cannot be said to be an efficient means of utilizing bandwidth. However, it does come into its own when combined with existing systems occupying the frequency. The spread spectrum signal being spread over a large bandwidth can coexist with narrowband signals only adding a slight increase in the noise floor that the narrowband receivers see. This technique is used as a way to reduce the power density of radio transmission. Spread spectrum waveforms can also be used to primarily improve performance in the area of interference tolerance. The spread of energy over a wide band, or lower spectral power density, makes SS signals less likely to interfere with narrowband communications. Narrow band communications, conversely, cause little to no interference to SS systems because the correlation receiver effectively integrates over a very wide bandwidth to recover an SS signal. The correlator then spreads out a narrow band interferer over the receivers total detection bandwidth. Since the total integrated signal density or SNR at the correlators input determines whether there will be interference or not. All SS systems have a threshold or tolerance level of interference beyond which useful communication ceases. This tolerance or threshold is related to the SS processing gain. Processing gain is essentially the ratio of the RF bandwidth to the information bandwidth. A typical commercial direct sequence radio might have a processing gain of from 11 to 16 dB, depending on data rate. It can tolerate total jammer power levels of from 0 to 5 dB stronger than the desired signal. Yes, the system can work at negative SNR in the RF bandwidth. Because of the processing gain of the receivers correlator, the system functions at positive SNR on the base band data. Besides being hard to intercept and jam, spread spectrum signals are hard to exploit or spoof. Signal exploitation is the ability of an enemy (or a non-network member) to listen in to a network and use information from the network without being a valid network member or participant. Spoofing is the act of falsely or maliciously introducing misleading or false traffic or messages to a network. SS signals also are naturally more secure than narrowband radio communications. Thus SS signals can be made to have any degree of message privacy that is desired. Messages can also, be cryptographically encoded to any level of secrecy desired. The very nature of SS allows military or intelligence levels of privacy and security to be had with minimal complexity. Spread Spectrum uses wide band, noise-like signals. Because Spread Spectrum signals are noise-like, they are hard to detect. Spread Spectrum signals are also hard to Intercept or demodulate. Further, Spread Spectrum signals are harder to jam (interfere with) than narrowband signals. These Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) and anti-jam (AJ) features are why the military has used Spread Spectrum for so many years. Spread signals are intentionally made to be much wider band than the information they are carrying to make them more noise-like. Spread Spectrum signals use fast codes that run many times the information bandwidth or data rate. These special Spreading codes are called Pseudo Random or Pseudo Noise codes. They are called Pseudo because they are not real gaussian noise. Spread Spectrum transmitters use similar transmits power levels to narrow band transmitters. Because Spread Spectrum signals are so wide, they transmit at a much lower spectral power density, measured in Watts per Hertz, than narrowband transmitters. This lower transmitted power density characteristic gives spread signals a big plus. Spread and narrow band signals can occupy the same band, with little or no interference. This capability is the main reason for all the interest in Spread Spectrum today. In todays commercial spread spectrum systems, bandwidths of 10 to 100 times the information rates are used. Military systems have used spectrum widths from 1000 to 1 million times the information bandwidth. There are two very common spread spectrum modulations: frequency hopping and direct sequence. At least two other types of spreading modulations have been used: time hopping and chirp. Direct sequence systemsDirect sequence spread spectrum systems are so called because they employ a high-speed code sequence, along with the basic information being sent, to modulate their RF carrier. The high-speed code sequence is used directly to modulate the carrier, thereby directly setting the transmitted RF bandwidth. Binary code sequences as short as 11 bits have been employed for this purpose, at code rates from under a bit per second to several hundred megabits per second. 1.1.2 WHY SPREAD SPRECTRUM Spread spectrum gives us the added advantage of rejection of interference or jamming and immunity from frequency-selective fading. One of the most important advantages of spread spectrum is being able to work in the environment of intentional interference (jamming) or even non-intentional interference. It also has the ability to eliminate the effect of multipath interference Spread spectrum communication offers a security against unwanted observers or users. A well-designed spread spectrum system forces a jammer to guess which signaling format is being used, and reduces his power of interference. SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUE 1.1.3.1 THE CONCEPT The major issue of concern in the digital communications is to provide efficient utilization of bandwidth and power. But there may arise some situations where it is necessary to sacrifice their efficient utilization in order to meet certain other objectives. For instance, the system may be required to provide a form of secure communication in a hostile environment such that the transmitted signal is not easily detected or recognized by unwanted listeners. The requirement is catered to a class of signaling techniques collectively known as spread-spectrum technique. The definition of spread-spectrum communication may be stated in two parts: Spread-spectrum is a means of transmission in which the data sequence occupies a bandwidth in excess of the minimum bandwidth necessary to send it. The spectrum spreading is accomplished before transmission through the use of a code that is independent of the data sequence. The same code is used in the receiver (operating in synchronism with the transmitter) to despread the received signal so that the original sequence may be recovered. For a communication system to be considered a spread spectrum system, it is necessary that the transmitted signal satisfy two criteria. First, the bandwidth of the transmitted signal must be much greater than the message bandwidth. This by itself, however, is not sufficient because there are many modulation methods to achieve it. For example, frequency modulation, pulse code modulation, and delta modulation may have bandwidths that are much greater than the message bandwidth. Hence, the second criterion is that the transmitted bandwidth must be determined by some function that is independent of the message and is known to the receiver. Although it would appear that the bandwidth expansion factor of a spread-spectrum is very large, the concept of such a factor does not really apply. In fact, the bandwidth expansion does not combat white noise as it does in FM, PCM and other wide-band modulation methods. This is so because bandwidth expansion is achieved by something that is independent of the message, rather than being uniquely related to the message. Since the spread-spectrum system is not useful in combating white noise, it must have other applications that make it worth considering. The spread-spectrum systems can be classified based on: Concept Modulation On the basis of former, spread-spectrum is divided into averaging systems and avoidance systems. An averaging system is one in which the reduction of interference takes place because the interference can be averaged over large time interval. An avoidance system on the other hand is one in which the reduction of interference occurs because the signal is made to avoid the interference a large fraction of the time. 1.1.3.2 TYPES Direct sequence Frequency hopping Time hopping Chirp Hybrid methods The relation between these two methods of classification may be made clearer by noting that a direct sequence system is an averaging system, whereas frequency hopping, time hopping and chirp systems are avoidance systems. On the other hand, a hybrid modulation method is either averaging or avoidance, or both. In a direct sequence spread-spectrum technique, two stages of modulation are used. First, the incoming data sequence is used to modulate a wide-band code. This code transforms the narrow-band data sequence into a noise-like wide-band signal. The resulting wide-band signal undergoes a second modulation using a phase-shift keying technique. In frequency-hop spread-spectrum technique, on the other hand, changing the carrier frequency in a pseudo-random manner widens the spectrum of a data-modulated carrier. For their operation, both of these techniques rely on the availability of a noise-like spreading code called pseudo-random or pseudo-noise sequence. 1.1.3.3 Applications Secure communications Anti-jam capability particularly for narrow-band jamming Interference rejection Multiple access capability Multi-path protection Improved spectral efficiency Ranging Frequency Hopping (FHSS) This technique is derived from military radio technology where it was designed to be inherently secure and reliable under adverse battle conditions. Divides the available 83.5 MHz spectrum (in most countries) into 79 (or 75) discrete 1 MHz channels (the 4.5 MHz left over provides a guard bands at either end of the spectrum), the Radio then hops around these 1 MHz channels in a pseudo-random sequence, using a minimum of 75 frequencies every 30 seconds and using any single frequency for a max Of 400 milliseconds. Conventional fixed frequency radios are designed to transmit and receive on a single channel. This fact makes them vulnerable to Electronic Warfare (EW) techniques such as interception and jamming. Interception is the unauthorized monitoring of radio traffic, which may place the operator at a severe disadvantage. Jamming is the deliberate disruption of communication, by operating a transmitter (jammer) on the same frequency as the radio traffic. Whilst scramblers and speech encryption devices may provide some degree of resistance to the threat of interception, they are ineffective against jammers. Frequency hopping is the only effective counter measure to both forms of electronic attack. A frequency hopping transceiver is capable of hopping its operating frequency over a given bandwidth several times a second. Synchronization data is periodically transmitted and decoded to ensure that the transmitter and receiver keep hopping in synchronism with each other, thereby maintaining intelligible communication whilst under severe electronic attack. The hopping sequence follows a pseudo random pattern, which has an extremely long repeat time. This renders the hopping network virtually impossible to intercept or jam. Only the network users who have programmed their radios with the same frequency, sideband, and hopping code can communicate. In a frequency-hopping network, one station is designated as Master (or Base). This station is responsible for transmitting the synchronization data to the Slave stations. There can be any number of Slaves within a network. The bandwidth of a frequency-hopping signal is simply w times the number of frequency slots available, where w is the bandwidth of each hop channel. Frequency hopping is the easiest spread spectrum modulation to use. Any radio with a digitally controlled frequency synthesizer can, theoretically, be converted to a frequency hopping radio. This conversion requires the addition of a pseudo noise (PN) code generator to select the frequencies for transmission or reception. Most hopping systems use uniform frequency hopping over a band of frequencies. This is not absolutely necessary, if both the transmitter and receiver of the system know in advance what frequencies are to be skipped. Thus a frequency hopper in two meters could be made that skipped over commonly used repeater frequency pairs. A frequency-hopped system can use analog or digital carrier modulation and can be designed using conventional narrow band radio techniques. A synchronized pseudo noise code generator that drives the receivers local oscillator frequency synthesizer does de-hopping in the receiver. When using Frequency Hopping, the carrier frequency is hopping according to a known sequence (of length). In this way the bandwidth is also increased. If the channels are non-overlapping the factor of spreading is, this factor is equal to the Processing Gain. The process of frequency hopping is shown below:  Types of Frequency Hopping Techniques Slow Frequency Hopping (SFH): In this case one or more data bits are transmitted within one Frequency Hop. An advantage is that coherent data detection is possible. A disadvantage is that if one frequency hop channel is jammed, one or more data bits are lost. So we are forced to use error-correcting codes. Fast Frequency Hopping (FFH): In this technique one data bit is divided over more Frequency Hops. Now error-correcting codes are not needed. Other advantage is that diversity can be applied. Every frequency hop a decision is made whether a -1 or a 1 is transmitted, at the end of each data bit a majority decision is made. A disadvantage is that coherent data detection is not possible because of phase discontinuities. The applied modulation technique should be FSK or MFSK. One data bit is divided over frequency-hop channels (carrier frequencies). In each frequency-hop channel one complete PN-code of length is added to the data signal (see figure, where is taken to be 5). Using the FFH scheme instead of the SFH scheme causes the bandwidth to increase, this increase however is neglectable with regard to the enormous bandwidth already in use.  As the FH-sequence and the PN-codes are coupled, an address is a combination of an FH-sequence and PN-codes. To bind the hit-chance (the chance that two users share the same frequency channel in the same time) the frequency-hop sequences are chosen in such a way that two transmitters with different FH-sequences share at most two frequencies at the same time (time shift is random). 1.2.2advantages Processing gain. Jamming resistance. Traffic privacy. Low probability of intercept. Multiple access capability. Short synchronization time. Multipath rejection. Near-far performance. 2. OBJECTIVE The project objective is to generate pseudo random noise sequence and spread the message across the available spectrum. The received signal has to be despread at the receiver side to get back the original message. 2.1 Transmitter A pseudo random noise is generated at the transmitter section. This is done by taking any 8 Bit number as seed value ( for ex. 08H) and then the last bit is taken into account .The new value is generated by XORing the two LSB bits and then rotating the result to the MSB of the old value. Pseudo noise sequences It is a coded sequence of 1s and 0s with certain autocorrelation properties. The sequence is periodic in which 1s and 0s repeats itself exactly with a known period. The sequence has long periods and requires simple instrumentations in the form of a linear feedback shift register. They posses the longest period for this method of generation. A shift register of length m consists of m flip-flops regulated by a single timing clock. At each pulses of clock, the state of each F/F is shifted to the next one down the line. In order to prevent the shift register from emptying by the end of m clock pulses, we use a logical function of the states of the m F/F to compute a feedback term, and apply it to the I/P of 1st F/F. The feedback function is obtained using modulo-2 addition of the outputs of various F/F.The period of maximum length sequence generated is periodic with period of, N=2^m-1, where m is the length of shift register. In each period of a maximum length sequence, the number of 1s is always one more than the number of 0s.it is known as balance property. The autocorrelation function of a maximum length sequence is periodic and binary valued. 2.1.2Pseudo Noise Generation   X1 X2 X3 O/P    Modulo2adder  Seed value: 1000 PN Sequence New MSB [XOR of two LSBs] 1000 = 0 0 XOR 0 = 0 0100 = 0 ||| ly 0010 = 0 1001 = 1 1100 = 0 0110 = 0 1011 = 1 0101 = 1 1010 = 0 1101 = 1 1110 = 0 1111 = 1 0111 = 1 0011 = 1 0001 = 1 1000 = 0 The PN sequence generated in this way is, 0001 0011 0101 1110 = 0x135E Here, the bits shown at the right of the = are the PN sequence bits. (i.e. the least significant bits of the nibbles 1000, 0100, 0010 are the PN sequence bits). Here, to obtain the next nibble from previous one (for example 0100 from 1000), the two least significant bits are XORed to get the most significant bit of the next nibble. The other bits are formed by right shifting the previous nibble. After that, transmitting the necessary sample values to the CODEC generates a signal whose frequency varies depending on the XORed and the PN sequence bits. The frequency assignment for the different bit patterns is shown below. XORed bitPN sequence bitFrequency- assigned (Hz)0025001500 10750111000 For each bit, 32 samples of the signal with corresponding frequency are sent to the CODEC. Thus, a signal which hops in the frequency depending on the message bits (XORed bits) and the PN Sequence bits in every 4ms (Since sampling frequency is 8000Hz, 32 samples correspond to a 4ms wave) is produced. Thus, a signal spread in spectrum using the frequency hopping technique is produced. Here, the spectrum spreading depends on the PN sequence, which is independent of the message signal to be transmitted. This signal is transmitted from source to destination. This signal can be interpreted only by the receiver, which knows the frequency assignment scheme and the PN sequence generation algorithm. 2.1.3 block diagram  EMBED PBrush  2.2 Receiver At the receiver, the transmitted QFSK signal is given to the CODEC of the DSP kit used in the receiver. The signal is sampled and the samples are read in the receiving program. Since the transmitter transmits 32 samples for each XORed and the PN sequence bit pairs, the receiving program takes 32 samples at a time and takes the 32-point FFT to determine the frequency and consequently to determine the XORed and the PN sequence bits. The 32 point FFT of the 32 received samples will have 32 values X(0), X(1), X(31). Here, each value corresponds to 250Hz since the sampling frequency is 8000Hz (i.e. 8000/32=250). Therefore, while taking the FFT, if there is a peak value for X (0) then the frequency of the 32 samples is 250Hz, if the peak value is on X (1) then the frequency is 500Hz and so on. Thus, by taking the 32-point FFT, the receiver program determines the frequency of each 32 samples in the receiving program. From the frequency, it can determine the XORed bit (the bit obtained by XORing the message & PN sequence bit) and also the PN sequence bit since it knows the frequency assignment scheme used in the transmitter. After getting the two bits, the original message bit can be retrieved by the receiver since it knows the relationship between the message bit and these bits (in this case the two bits are XORed to get the original message bit). Thus, the data is received and interpreted by the receiver. In this case, the data is the character typed in the transmitting computer and the received character is displayed in the VDU of the computer to which the DSP kit is interfaced through the serial port. Block diagram  EMBED PBrush  2.3 ALGORITHM 2.3.1 Transmitter End: STEP 1: Input data is converted into binary sequence. STEP 2: Pseudo Noise Sequence is generated. STEP 3: PN Sequence and the input data sequence are XORed. STEP 4: Frequency is assigned correspondingly by comparing the XORed bits with the PN Sequence. STEP 5: The assigned frequency is then transmitted serially through the CODEC. 2.3.2 Receiver End: STEP 6: The received Signal is then analyzed for its Spectrum to find the corresponding frequency. This is done by taking FFT of the received signal. STEP 7: As per the frequency assigned the FFT results will help to get back the actual data . STEP 8: Pseudo Noise is then segregated from actual message by XORing. STEP 9: The actual data is then taken into account. 3. SIMULATION CODE 3.1 TRANSMITTER CODE .mmregs .def start .include "250.asm" .include "500.asm" .include "1000.asm" .include "2000.asm" .data rnd .word 8 var .word "A" val .word 80h temp .word 0h .text start ld #rnd,dp stm #1000h,ar1 ; Random noise generation stm #15,brc rptb loop ld rnd,0,a ;Extracting last bit and #1,0,a stl a,0,*ar1+ nop nop ld rnd,-1,b ;Extraction of 2nd bit and #1,0,b xor a,0,b sfta b,3 ld rnd,-1,a ;Moving the xor result to 4th bit or a,0,b loop stl b,0,rnd ;Extraction of input bits stm #1100h,ar1 ;bits of input ld #0h,0,a ;padding 8 zeros ahead rpt #7 stl a,0,*ar1+ stm #7,brc ;extracting bits rptb loop1 ld var,0,a stl a,1,var ld val,0,b and b,0,a sfta a,-7 stl a,0,*ar1+ loop1 nop ;XOR of input with noise stm #1000h,ar2 ;bits of noise stm #1100h,ar3 ;bits of i/p stm #1200h,ar4 ;to hold XOR result stm #15,brc rptb loop2 ld *ar2+,0,a xor *ar3+,a loop2 stl a,0,*ar4+ ;Wave representation of bits stm #1000h,ar1 stm #1200h,ar2 stm #2500h,ar3 stm #15,brc rptb loop3 bitf *ar1+,1 ;checking the noise sequencebit0 bc check,tc ;check for 01,11 combination b check1 ;check for 00,10 combination check bitf *ar2+,1 bc l1,tc ;11 combination stm #2100h,ar4 ;01 combination 1000hz rpt #31 mvdd *ar4+,*ar3+ b loop3 l1 stm #2300h,ar4 ;11 combination rpt #31 mvdd *ar4+,*ar3+ b loop3 check1 bitf *ar2+,1 bc l2,tc ;10 combination stm #2000h,ar4 ;00 combination 1000hz rpt #31 mvdd *ar4+,*ar3+ b loop3 l2 stm #2200h,ar4 rpt #31 mvdd *ar4+,*ar3+ b loop3 loop3 nop wait b wait 3.2 RECEIVER CODE .mmregs .include "250.asm" .include "500.asm" .include "1000.asm" .include "2000.asm" .include "twreal.asm" .include "twimag.asm" .def star .data rnd .word 8 my_l .word 0 var .word 0 VP .word 0 temp .word 0h CNT .word 512 stg .word 4 grp .word 16 bpg .word 1 temp1 .word 0 real .word 0 imag .word 0 count .word 0 out .word 16 init .word 0 tem .word 0 c1 .word 32 txt .word 0 F .word 46h .text star LD #rnd,DP SSBX SXM stm #2000h,ar7 ;setting threshold outer ld init,0,a ;modulated i/p from 1000h-1200h stlm a, ar0 nop nop stm #2500h,ar1 ;modifying i/p address NOP NOP mar *ar1+0 ;fetching 32 datas at a time NOP NOP ldm ar0,a add #32,0,a stl a,0,init stm #16,ar0 NOP NOP RPT #31 MVDK *AR1+0B,#1900h ;bitreversal of 32real datas stm #1940h,ar2 ;filling imag datas ld #0h,a rpt #31 stl a,0,*ar2+ ld stg,0,a ;outermost stage loop nop nop stlm a,brc nop nop rptb lop1 stm #1900h,ar2 ;real datas stm #1940h,ar3 ;imag datas ld grp,0,a ;intermediate group loop stlm a,ar1 nop nop lop3 stm #1960h,ar4 ;real twid stm #1980h,ar5 ;imag twid ld bpg,0,a ;innnermost butterfly loop stlm a,ar6 nop nop stlm a,ar0 nop nop lop2 ld *ar2,0,a stl a,0,temp ld *ar3,a stl a,0,temp1 mar *ar2+0 mar *ar3+0 mpy *ar2,*ar4,a mpy *ar3,*ar5,b sub b,0,a sth a,0,real mpy *ar2,*ar5,a mpy *ar3,*ar4,b add b,0,a sth a,0,imag ld temp,-1,a ld real,0,b sub b,0,a stl a,0,*ar2 mar *ar2-0 ld temp,-1,a add b,0,a stl a,0,*ar2+ ld temp1,-1,a ld imag,0,b sub b,0,a stl a,0,*ar3 mar *ar3-0 ld temp1,0,a add b,0,a stl a,0,*ar3+ ldm ar6,a ;check of butterfly loop sub #1,0,a stlm a,ar6 nop nop bc mod,aneq bc nmod,aeq mod ld grp,0,a ;modification of twiddle stlm a,ar0 nop nop mar *ar4+0 mar *ar5+0 ld bpg,0,a stlm a,ar0 nop nop b lop2 nmod ld bpg,0,a stlm a,ar0 nop nop mar *ar2+0 mar *ar3+0 ldm ar1,a ;group check sub #1,0,a stlm a,ar1 nop nop bc lop3,aneq ld grp,-1,a stl a,0,grp ld bpg,1,a stl a,0,bpg lop1 nop stm #1900h,ar1 STM #0Fh,BRC RPTB KA2 LD *AR1,0,A ABS A STL A,*AR1+ KA2 NOP stm #1900h,ar1 ;checking position of spike ll1 ld *ar1+,0,a sub #13C0h,0,a bc val1,ageq ld count,0,a add #1,0,a stl a,0,count b ll1 val1 ld count,0,a ld #1,0,b sub a,0,b bc freq1,beq ld #2,0,b sub a,0,b bc freq2,beq ld #4,0,b sub a,0,b bc freq3,beq LD #11h,A stl a,0,*ar7+ b tres freq1 ld #00,0,a stl a,0,*ar7+ b tres freq2 ld #01,0,a stl a,0,*ar7+ b tres freq3 ld #10h,a ;10 stl a,0,*ar7+ b tres tres nop ld #0,0,a stl a,0,count ld #4,0,a stl a,0,stg ld #1,0,a stl a,0,bpg ld #16,0,a stl a,0,grp ld out,0,a ;check for count of 16 bits sub #1,0,a stl a,0,out bc outer,aneq stm #2000h,ar1 stm #2100h,ar2 STM #0fh,BRC rptb final ld *ar1,a and #1,a ld *ar1,b and #10h,b SFTA B,-4 sub a,b mar *ar1+ bc vk,bneq ld #0,a stl a,*ar2+ b kv vk ld #1,a stl a,*ar2+ kv nop final nop stm #2100h,ar1 ld #0h,a STM #0Fh,BRC rptb cha ld *ar1+,b and #0001h,b or a,b sfta b,1 LD B,A cha nop ld #0,b sfta a,-1 and #00FFh,a stl a,my_l portw my_l,0 nop ld #4,0,a stl a,0,stg ld #1,0,a stl a,0,bpg ld #16,0,a stl a,0,grp LD #0,A STL A,init LD #0,A STL A,count LD #16,A STL A,out wait nop nop b wait 3.3 REAL TIME SPREAD SPECTRUM CODE ; CONTENT ADDRESS ;----------------------------------------------------- ; PN SEQUENCE 1000h ; I/P SEQUENCE 1020h ; XORed SEQUENCE 1040h ; O/P SEQUENCE 3000h [TRANSMITTER O/P] ; I/P SEQUENCE 3400h [RECEIVER I/P] ; TEMP FFT BUFFER 1900h [REAL] ; PN SEQUENCE 2000h ; DATA SEQUENCE 2100h [AT RECEIVER] ;----------------------------------------------------- .include "intvect.asm" .include "250.asm" ; 250 Hz .include "500.asm" ; 500 Hz .include "1000.asm" ; 1000 Hz .include "2000.asm" ; 2000 Hz .include "twreal.asm" .include "twimag.asm" .def star .data rnd .word 8 my_l .word 0 var .word 0 VP .word 0 temp .word 0h CNT .word 512 E .word 45h stg .word 4 grp .word 16 bpg .word 1 temp1 .word 0 real .word 0 imag .word 0 count .word 0 out .word 16 init .word 0 tem .word 0 c1 .word 32 txt .word 0 F .word 46h .text star LD #rnd,DP RSBX INTM LD #01ABh,0,A STLM A,PMST ;------------------------Serial Port Initializations------------------------- ;--------------------------McBSP0 Initializations---------------------------- SSBX INTM STM SPCR1,McBSP0_SPSA ;SPCR1 reset STM #0090h,McBSP0_SPSD NOP NOP STM SPCR2,McBSP0_SPSA ;SPCR2 reset STM #0020h,McBSP0_SPSD STM PCR,McBSP0_SPSA ;PCR STM #0A00h,McBSP0_SPSD STM RCR1,McBSP0_SPSA ;RCR1 STM #00A0h,McBSP0_SPSD ;32 BITS WORDSIZE STM RCR2,McBSP0_SPSA ;RCR2 STM #0001h,McBSP0_SPSD STM XCR1,McBSP0_SPSA ;XCR1 STM #00A0h,McBSP0_SPSD ;32 BITS WORDSIZE STM XCR2,McBSP0_SPSA ;XCR2 STM #0001h,McBSP0_SPSD STM SRGR1,McBSP0_SPSA ;SRGR1 STM #002Fh,McBSP0_SPSD ;--17 STM SRGR2,McBSP0_SPSA ;SRGR2 STM #303Fh,McBSP0_SPSD STM MCR1,McBSP0_SPSA ;MCR1 STM #0001h,McBSP0_SPSD STM MCR2,McBSP0_SPSA ;MCR2 STM #0000h,McBSP0_SPSD STM RCERB,McBSP0_SPSA ;RCERB STM #0001h,McBSP0_SPSD STM RCERA,McBSP0_SPSA ;RCERA STM #0001h,McBSP0_SPSD STM XCERB,McBSP0_SPSA ;XCERB STM #0001h,McBSP0_SPSD STM XCERA,McBSP0_SPSA ;XCERA STM #0001h,McBSP0_SPSD STM SPCR1,McBSP0_SPSA STM #0091h,McBSP0_SPSD ;Take 'em out of reset NOP NOP STM SPCR2,McBSP0_SPSA STM #00A1h,McBSP0_SPSD ;--------------------------McBSP1 Initializations------------------------------ STM SPCR1,McBSP1_SPSA ;SPCR1 reset STM #0090h,McBSP1_SPSD NOP NOP STM SPCR2,McBSP1_SPSA ;SPCR2 reset STM #0020h,McBSP1_SPSD STM PCR,McBSP1_SPSA ;PCR STM #0A00h,McBSP1_SPSD STM RCR1,McBSP1_SPSA ;RCR1 STM #00A0h,McBSP1_SPSD ;32 BITS WORDSIZE STM RCR2,McBSP1_SPSA ;RCR2 STM #0000h,McBSP1_SPSD STM XCR1,McBSP1_SPSA ;XCR1 STM #00A0h,McBSP1_SPSD ;32 BITS WORDSIZE STM XCR2,McBSP1_SPSA ;XCR2 STM #0000h,McBSP1_SPSD STM SRGR1,McBSP1_SPSA ;SRGR1 STM #000Bh,McBSP1_SPSD ;--5 STM SRGR2,McBSP1_SPSA ;SRGR2 STM #303Bh,McBSP1_SPSD STM MCR1,McBSP1_SPSA ;MCR1 STM #0001h,McBSP1_SPSD STM MCR2,McBSP1_SPSA ;MCR2 STM #0000h,McBSP1_SPSD STM RCERB,McBSP1_SPSA ;RCERB STM #0001h,McBSP1_SPSD STM RCERA,McBSP1_SPSA ;RCERA STM #0001h,McBSP1_SPSD STM XCERB,McBSP1_SPSA ;XCERB STM #0001h,McBSP1_SPSD STM XCERA,McBSP1_SPSA ;XCERA STM #0001h,McBSP1_SPSD STM SPCR1,McBSP1_SPSA STM #0091h,McBSP1_SPSD ;Take 'em out of reset NOP NOP STM SPCR2,McBSP1_SPSA STM #00A1h,McBSP1_SPSD ;--------------------End of Serial Ports Initializations----------------------- RSBX INTM LD #0027h,A STLM A,IMR STM #0h,McBSP0_DXR1 STM #0h,McBSP0_DXR2 STM #0007h,GPIOCR STM #0003h,GPIOSR STM #SPCR2,McBSP1_SPSA STM #00E1h,McBSP1_SPSD; Mclk NOP STM #0007h,GPIOSR STM #SPCR2,McBSP0_SPSA STM #00E1h,McBSP0_SPSD ;Sclk & Fs ;---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; PN Sequence genereation at the transmitter end SSBX SXM RSBX OVM STM #1000h,AR1 ;holds random noise LD #8h,A ;8H is the seed value STL A,rnd stm #15,BRC rptb loop ld rnd,0,a ;extracting last bit and #1,0,a stl a,0,*ar1+ ld rnd,-1,b ;extraction of 2nd bit and #1,0,b xor a,0,b sfta b,3 ld rnd,-1,a ;moving the xor result to 4th bit or a,0,b loop stl b,0,rnd ; GETTING THE INPUT CHARACTER FROM KEY BOARD VE NOP LD #0h,0,A STLM A,IMR ; MASKING THE INTERRUPTS LD #3FFFh,0,A DELAY SUB #1,A BC DELAY,ANEQ V1 NOP PORTR 0005h,var ; ADDRESS => LINE STATUS REGISTER LD var,0,A AND #1h,0,A BC V1,AEQ PORTR 0h,var ;ADDRESS =>RECEIVE HOLD REGISTER LD var,A AND #00FFh,A STL A,var STL A,VP PORTW var,0h ; display the transmitted data NOP ; Extraction of input bits stm #1020h,ar1 ;bits of input ld #0h,0,a ;padding 8 zeros ahead rpt #7 stl a,0,*ar1+ stm #7,BRC ;extracting bits rptb loop1 ld var,a stl a,1,var and #80h,A sfta a,-7 stl a,*ar1+ loop1 nop ;XOR of input with noise stm #1000h,ar2 ;bits of noise stm #1020h,ar3 ;bits of i/p stm #1040h,ar4 ;to hold XOR result stm #15,BRC rptb loop2 ld *ar2+,a xor *ar3+,a stl a,*ar4+ NOP loop2 NOP ; WAVE GENERATION FOR THE CORRESPONDING BITS : SPREADING stm #3000h,ar3 ;TRANSMITTER OUTPUT LD #0,A RPT #544 STL A,*AR3+ stm #1000h,ar1 stm #1040h,ar2 stm #3000h,ar3 RSBX TC stm #15,BRC rptb loop3 NOP bitf *ar1+,1 ;Checking the noise sequencebit0 NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP bc check,tc ;Check for 01,11 combination NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP b check1 ;Check for 00,10 combination check bitf *ar2+,1 NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP bc l1,tc ;11 combination NOP NOP NOP NOP RSBX TC stm #1130h,ar4 ;01 combination 1000hz rpt #31 mvdd *ar4+,*ar3+ NOP NOP NOP b loop3 NOP NOP l1 NOP RSBX TC stm #1200h,ar4 ;11 combination NOP NOP NOP rpt #31 mvdd *ar4+,*ar3+ NOP NOP b loop3 NOP NOP check1 NOP NOP bitf *ar2+,1 NOP NOP NOP NOP bc l2,tc ;10 combination NOP NOP RSBX TC stm #1100h,ar4 ;00 combination 1000hz rpt #31 mvdd *ar4+,*ar3+ NOP NOP b loop3 NOP l2 NOP RSBX TC stm #1160h,ar4 rpt #31 mvdd *ar4+,*ar3+ b loop3 loop3 nop NOP RSBX TC LD #0023h,A STLM A,IMR LD #576,A STL A,CNT STM #2FFFh,AR3 STM #3400h,AR5 NOP WAIT NOP NOP LD CNT,B BC RX,BEQ NOP NOP B WAIT ;........................................................................... _XINT0_ISR NOP LD *AR3+,0,A STLM A,McBSP0_DXR1 ;TX STLM A,McBSP0_DXR2 LDM McBSP0_DRR1,A ;RX LDM McBSP0_DRR2,A STL A,0,*AR5+ LD CNT,B SUB #1h,B STL B,CNT RETE ;......................................................................... ; THE ACTUAL WAVEFORM RECEIVED ONLY AT 3440h RX LD #00h,A STLM A,IMR NOP NOP ssbx sxm stm #2000h,ar7 ;setting treshold ; 32 POINT FFT outer ld init,0,a ;modulated i/p from 1000h-1200h stlm a,ar0 nop nop stm #3440h,ar1 ;modifiying i/p address NOP NOP mar *ar1+0 ;fetching 32 datas at a time NOP NOP ldm ar0,a add #32,0,a stl a,0,init ; BIT REVERSAL stm #16,ar0 NOP NOP RPT #31 MVDK *AR1+0B,#1900h ;bitreversal of 32real datas stm #1940h,ar2 ;filling imag datas ld #0h,a rpt #31 stl a,0,*ar2+ ; FFT BEGINS ld stg,0,a ;outermost stage loop stlm a,BRC nop nop rptb lop1 stm #1900h,ar2 ;real datas stm #1940h,ar3 ;imag datas ld grp,0,a ;intermediate group loop stlm a,ar1 nop nop lop3 stm #1960h,ar4 ;real twid stm #1980h,ar5 ;imag twid ld bpg,0,a ;innnermost butterfly loop stlm a,ar6 nop nop stlm a,ar0 nop nop lop2 ld *ar2,0,a stl a,0,temp ld *ar3,a stl a,0,temp1 mar *ar2+0 mar *ar3+0 mpy *ar2,*ar4,a mpy *ar3,*ar5,b sub b,0,a sth a,0,real mpy *ar2,*ar5,a mpy *ar3,*ar4,b add b,0,a sth a,0,imag ld temp,-1,a ld real,0,b sub b,0,a stl a,0,*ar2 mar *ar2-0 ld temp,-1,a add b,0,a stl a,0,*ar2+ ld temp1,-1,a ld imag,0,b sub b,0,a stl a,0,*ar3 mar *ar3-0 ld temp1,0,a add b,0,a stl a,0,*ar3+ ldm ar6,a ;check of butterfly loop sub #1,0,a stlm a,ar6 nop nop bc mod,aneq bc nmod,aeq mod ld grp,0,a ;modification of twiddle stlm a,ar0 nop nop mar *ar4+0 mar *ar5+0 ld bpg,0,a stlm a,ar0 nop nop b lop2 nmod ld bpg,0,a stlm a,ar0 nop nop mar *ar2+0 mar *ar3+0 ldm ar1,a ;group check sub #1,0,a stlm a,ar1 nop nop bc lop3,aneq ld grp,-1,a stl a,0,grp ld bpg,1,a stl a,0,bpg lop1 nop stm #1900h,ar1 STM #32,BRC RPTB KA2 LD *AR1,0,A ABS A STL A,*AR1+ KA2 NOP ;THRESHOLDING stm #1900h,ar1 ;checking position of spike ll1 ld *ar1+,0,a sub #13C0h,0,a ;CUTOFF DECIDED BY TRAIL AND ERROR BASIS bc val1,ageq ld count,0,a add #1,0,a stl a,0,count b ll1 val1 ld count,0,a ld #1,0,b sub a,0,b bc freq1,beq ld #2,0,b sub a,0,b bc freq2,beq ld #4,0,b sub a,0,b bc freq3,beq ld #1,4,a ;11 or #1,0,a stl a,0,*ar7+ b tres freq1 ld #00,0,a stl a,0,*ar7+ b tres freq2 ld #01,0,a stl a,0,*ar7+ b tres freq3 ld #1,4,a ;10 or #0,0,a stl a,0,*ar7+ b tres tres nop ; FFT RE-INITIALISATION ld #0,0,a stl a,0,count ld #4,0,a stl a,0,stg ld #1,0,a stl a,0,bpg ld #16,0,a stl a,0,grp ld out,0,a ;check for count of 16 bits sub #1,0,a stl a,0,out bc outer,aneq ; DESPREADING stm #2000h,ar1 stm #2100h,ar2 stm #15,BRC rptb final ld *ar1,a and #1,a ld *ar1,b and #10h,b SFTA B,-4 sub a,b mar *ar1+ bc vk,bneq ld #0,a stl a,*ar2+ b kv vk ld #1,a stl a,*ar2+ kv nop final nop ;RETRIVING THE DATA BACK stm #2100h,ar1 ld #0h,a stm #15,BRC rptb cha ld *ar1+,b and #0001h,b or a,b sfta b,1 stl b,tem ld tem,a cha nop ld #0,b sfta a,-1 and #00FFh,a stl a,my_l portw my_l,0 ; RECEIVED DATA DISPLAYED nop ld #4,0,a stl a,0,stg ld #1,0,a stl a,0,bpg ld #16,0,a stl a,0,grp LD #0,A STL A,init LD #0,A STL A,count LD #16,A STL A,out B VE BRANCHED TO LABEL VE WHERE THE NEXT CHARACTER FROM KEY BOARD IS READ. 4. DEMO CONFIGURATION First, Code is assembled to form object code. Then this object code is linked with Command file to create a stk file. The TMS320C5402 kit is connected to PC using RS232 cable. It is connected to any one of the COM Port. The kit is Switched on by giving the power supply of 5V,-5V. The program is run in PCTERM , LASTPC or DSPIK software. After uploading the program from PC to processor, the starting address of the program is given. A character in keyboard is pressed ,first character is taken as input and the character is displayed on the monitor. Any number of characters can be given which is retrieved after demodulation. Going for LASTPC will be a better option. References 1 A. J. Viterbi, CDMA: Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1995. 2 R. L. Peterson, R. E. Ziemer, and D. E. Borth, Introduction to Spread Spectrum Communications. Prentice Hall International Editions, 1995. 3 W. T. V. William H. Press, Saul A. Teukolsky and B. P. Flannery, Numerical Recipies in C. Cambridge University Press, 1992. 4 J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications. Mc-Graw Hill International Editions, 3rd ed., 1995. 5 M. K. Simon, J. K. Omura, R. A. Scholtz, and B. K. Levitt, Spread Spectrum Communications Handbook. McGraw Hill, 1994. 6 F. Adachi, K. Ohno, A. Higashi, T. Dohi, and Y. Okumura, ``Coherent multicode DS-CDMA mobile radio access,'' IEICE Transaction on Communications, vol. E79-B, pp. 1316-1325, September 1996. Flip flop Flip flop Flip flop -.A[jy   6 B     X Y p r v w { ü㡗손ÁyoÁofy` h(CJ h(5CJ\h(5;CJ\h(5;\ h(;h(5;CJ\ h(;CJh(5;\h h(CJh(CJOJQJ h(CJ h(] h(CJ]h(h(5CJOJQJ\]h(56CJOJQJ\h(5CJ\ h(5\ h(5 h(5CJ$$-.@AYZ[y . 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